Histopathology involves the microscopic examination of tissue samples to study the manifestations of disease. Tissue biopsies are processed, stained, and examined to identify pathological changes, such as cancerous cells. This procedure is essential for accurate diagnosis and the planning of appropriate treatment strategies.

Cytopathology focuses on the study of cells from various body tissues and fluids to detect diseases. It includes techniques like Pap smears, which screen for cervical cancer, and fine needle aspirations for examining suspicious lumps. This field plays a crucial role in early detection and diagnosis of cancer and other diseases.

Molecular pathology uses DNA and RNA analysis to diagnose genetic and infectious diseases. Techniques such as PCR amplify genetic material to identify specific mutations or pathogens. This advanced approach provides precise information that can guide personalized treatment plans and improve patient outcomes.

Microbiological cultures involve growing microorganisms from clinical samples to identify infectious agents. This process is essential for diagnosing bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, allowing for targeted antimicrobial therapy. Cultures help determine the most effective treatments and monitor the response to therapy.

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow in a fluid stream through a laser. It is widely used in research and clinical diagnostics to study cell populations, identify specific cell types, and assess the presence of biomarkers.

PCR is a technique used to amplify small segments of DNA or RNA, making it possible to detect genetic material with high sensitivity and specificity. It is used in various applications, including diagnosing infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and for forensic investigations.

IHC involves the use of antibodies to detect specific antigens in cells within a tissue section. This technique is used to diagnose cancers, identify infectious organisms, and study cell and tissue markers. IHC provides crucial information that aids in the accurate diagnosis and classification of diseases.